struct Tuple(*T)

Overview

A tuple is a fixed-size, immutable, stack-allocated sequence of values of possibly different types.

You can think of a Tuple as an immutable Array whose types for each position are known at compile time.

A tuple can be created with the usual new method or with a tuple literal:

tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'} # Tuple(Int32, String, Char)
tuple[0]                  # => 1
tuple[1]                  # => "hello"
tuple[2]                  # => 'x'

The compiler knows what types are in each position, so when indexing a tuple with an integer literal the compiler will return the value in that index and with the expected type, like in the above snippet. Indexing with an integer literal outside the bounds of the tuple will give a compile-time error.

Indexing with an integer value that is only known at runtime will return a value whose type is the union of all the types in the tuple, and might raise IndexError.

Tuples are the preferred way to return fixed-size multiple return values because no memory is needed to be allocated for them:

def one_and_hello
  {1, "hello"}
end

one, hello = one_and_hello
one   # => 1
hello # => "hello"

Good examples of the above are Number#divmod and Enumerable#minmax.

Tuples can be splat with the * operator and passed to methods:

def multiply(string, value)
  string * value
end

tuple = {"hey", 2}
value = multiply(*tuple) # same as multiply tuple[0], tuple[1]
value                    # => "heyhey"

Finally, when using a splat argument in a method definition its type will be a tuple of the call arguments:

def splat_test(*args)
  args
end

tuple = splat_test 1, "hello", 'x'
tuple.class # => Tuple(Int32, String, Char)
tuple       # => {1, "hello", 'x'}

Included Modules

Defined in:

tuple.cr
json/to_json.cr
yaml/to_yaml.cr

Constructors

Instance Method Summary

Instance methods inherited from module Comparable(Tuple(*T))

<(other : T) <, <=(other : T) <=, <=>(other : T) <=>, ==(other : T) ==, >(other : T) >, >=(other : T) >=

Instance methods inherited from module Indexable(Union(*T))

[](index : Int) [], []?(index : Int) []?, at(index : Int, &block)
at(index : Int)
at
, bsearch(&block) bsearch, bsearch_index(&block) bsearch_index, each(&block)
each
each
, each_index(&block) : Nil
each_index
each_index
, empty? empty?, equals?(other : Indexable, &block)
equals?(other, &block)
equals?
, first(&block)
first
first
, first? first?, hash hash, index(object, offset : Int = 0)
index(offset : Int = 0, &block)
index
, last
last(&block)
last
, last? last?, reverse_each(&block) : Nil
reverse_each
reverse_each
, rindex(offset = size - 1, &block)
rindex(value, offset = size - 1)
rindex
, sample(random = Random::DEFAULT) sample, size size, unsafe_at(index : Int) unsafe_at, values_at(*indexes : Int) values_at, zip(other : Indexable, &block)
zip(other : Indexable(U)) forall U
zip
, zip?(other : Indexable, &block)
zip?(other : Indexable(U)) forall U
zip?

Instance methods inherited from module Enumerable(Union(*T))

all?(&block)
all?
all?
, any?(&block)
any?
any?
, chunks(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U chunks, compact_map(&block) compact_map, count(&block)
count(item)
count
, cycle(n, &block)
cycle(&block)
cycle
, each(&block : Union(T) -> _) each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false, &block) each_cons, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false, &block) each_slice, each_with_index(offset = 0, &block) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj, &block) each_with_object, find(if_none = nil, &block) find, first(count : Int)
first
first
, first? first?, flat_map(&block : Union(T) -> Array(U) | Iterator(U) | U) forall U flat_map, grep(pattern) grep, group_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U group_by, in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil) forall U
in_groups_of(size : Int, filled_up_with : U = nil, reuse = false, &block) forall U
in_groups_of
, includes?(obj) includes?, index(&block)
index(obj)
index
, index_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U index_by, join(separator, io)
join(separator = "")
join(separator, io, &block)
join(separator = "", &block)
join
, map(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U map, map_with_index(&block : Union(T), Int32 -> U) forall U map_with_index, max max, max? max?, max_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U max_by, max_by?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U max_by?, max_of(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U max_of, max_of?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U max_of?, min min, min? min?, min_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U min_by, min_by?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U min_by?, min_of(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U min_of, min_of?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U min_of?, minmax minmax, minmax? minmax?, minmax_by(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U minmax_by, minmax_by?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U minmax_by?, minmax_of(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U minmax_of, minmax_of?(&block : Union(T) -> U) forall U minmax_of?, none?(&block)
none?
none?
, one?(&block) one?, partition(&block) partition, product(&block)
product(initial : Number, &block)
product
product(initial : Number)
product
, reduce(&block)
reduce(memo, &block)
reduce
, reject(&block : Union(T) -> ) reject, select(&block : Union(T) -> ) select, size size, skip(count : Int) skip, skip_while(&block) skip_while, sum(initial)
sum
sum(initial, &block)
sum(&block)
sum
, take_while(&block) take_while, to_a to_a, to_h to_h, to_set to_set

Instance methods inherited from module Iterable(Union(*T))

chunk(reuse = false, &block : Union(T) -> U) forall U chunk, cycle(n)
cycle
cycle
, each each, each_cons(count : Int, reuse = false) each_cons, each_slice(count : Int, reuse = false) each_slice, each_with_index(offset = 0) each_with_index, each_with_object(obj) each_with_object

Instance methods inherited from struct Value

==(other) ==, dup dup

Instance methods inherited from class Object

!=(other) !=, !~(other) !~, ==(other) ==, ===(other : JSON::Any)
===(other : YAML::Any)
===(other)
===
, =~(other) =~, class class, dup dup, hash hash, inspect(io : IO)
inspect
inspect
, itself itself, not_nil! not_nil!, pretty_inspect(width = 79, newline = "\n", indent = 0) : String pretty_inspect, pretty_print(pp : PrettyPrint) : Nil pretty_print, tap(&block) tap, to_json(io : IO)
to_json
to_json
, to_pretty_json(indent : String = " ")
to_pretty_json(io : IO, indent : String = " ")
to_pretty_json
, to_s
to_s(io : IO)
to_s
, to_yaml(io : IO)
to_yaml
to_yaml
, try(&block) try, unsafe_as(type : T.class) forall T unsafe_as

Constructor methods inherited from class Object

from_json(string_or_io, root : String) : self
from_json(string_or_io) : self
from_json
, from_yaml(string_or_io) : self from_yaml

Constructor Detail

def self.from(array : Array) : self #

Creates a tuple from the given array, with elements casted to the given types.

Tuple(String, Int64).from(["world", 2])       # => {"world", 2}
Tuple(String, Int64).from(["world", 2]).class # => {String, Int64}

See also: #from.


View source
def self.new(pull : JSON::PullParser) #

View source
def self.new(pull : YAML::PullParser) #

View source
def self.new(*args : *T) #

Creates a tuple that will contain the given arguments.

This method is useful in macros and generic code because with it you can creates empty tuples, something that you can't do with a tuple literal.

Tuple.new(1, "hello", 'x') #=> {1, "hello", 'x'}
Tuple.new                  #=> {}

{}                         # syntax error

View source

Instance Method Detail

def +(other : Tuple) #

Returns a tuple that contains self's elements followed by other's elements.

t1 = {1, 2}
t2 = {"foo", "bar"}
t3 = t1 + t2
t3         # => {1, 2, "foo", "bar"}
typeof(t3) # => Tuple(Int32, Int32, String, String)

View source
def <=>(other : self) #

Implements the comparison operator.

Each object in each tuple is compared (using the #<=> operator).

Tuples are compared in an "element-wise" manner; the first element of this tuple is compared with the first one of other using the #<=> operator, then each of the second elements, etc. As soon as the result of any such comparison is non zero (i.e. the two corresponding elements are not equal), that result is returned for the whole tuple comparison.

If all the elements are equal, then the result is based on a comparison of the tuple sizes. Thus, two tuples are "equal" according to #<=> if, and only if, they have the same size and the value of each element is equal to the value of the corresponding element in the other tuple.

{"a", "a", "c"} <=> {"a", "b", "c"} # => -1
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} <=> {1, 2}       # => +1
{1, 2} <=> {1, 2.0}                 # => 0

See also: Object#<=>.


View source
def <=>(other : Tuple) #

Implements the comparison operator.

Each object in each tuple is compared (using the #<=> operator).

Tuples are compared in an "element-wise" manner; the first element of this tuple is compared with the first one of other using the #<=> operator, then each of the second elements, etc. As soon as the result of any such comparison is non zero (i.e. the two corresponding elements are not equal), that result is returned for the whole tuple comparison.

If all the elements are equal, then the result is based on a comparison of the tuple sizes. Thus, two tuples are "equal" according to #<=> if, and only if, they have the same size and the value of each element is equal to the value of the corresponding element in the other tuple.

{"a", "a", "c"} <=> {"a", "b", "c"} # => -1
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} <=> {1, 2}       # => +1
{1, 2} <=> {1, 2.0}                 # => 0

See also: Object#<=>.


View source
def ==(other : self) #

Returns true if this tuple has the same size as the other tuple and their elements are equal to each other when compared with #==.

t1 = {1, "hello"}
t2 = {1.0, "hello"}
t3 = {2, "hello"}

t1 == t2 # => true
t1 == t3 # => false

View source
def ==(other : Tuple) #

Returns true if this tuple has the same size as the other tuple and their elements are equal to each other when compared with #==.

t1 = {1, "hello"}
t2 = {1.0, "hello"}
t3 = {2, "hello"}

t1 == t2 # => true
t1 == t3 # => false

View source
def ==(other) #

View source
def ===(other : self) #

Returns true if case equality holds for the elements in self and other.

{1, 2} === {1, 2} # => true
{1, 2} === {1, 3} # => false

See also: Object#===.


View source
def ===(other : Tuple) #

Returns true if self and other have the same size and case equality holds for the elements in self and other.

{1, 2} === {1, 2, 3}             # => false
{/o+/, "bar"} === {"foo", "bar"} # => true

See also: Object#===.


View source
def [](index : Int) #

Returns the element at the given index. Read the type docs to understand the difference between indexing with a number literal or a variable.

tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple[0] # => 1 (Int32)
tuple[3] # compile error: index out of bounds for tuple {Int32, String, Char}

i = 0
tuple[i] # => 1 (Int32 | String | Char)

i = 3
tuple[i] # raises IndexError

View source
def []?(index : Int) #

Returns the element at the given index or nil if out of bounds.

tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple[0]? # => 1
tuple[3]? # => nil

View source
def at(index : Int) #

Returns the element at the given index or raises IndexError if out of bounds.

tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.at(0) # => 1
tuple.at(3) # raises IndexError

View source
def at(index : Int, &block) #

Returns the element at the given index or the value returned by the block if out of bounds.

tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.at(0) { 10 } # => 1
tuple.at(3) { 10 } # => 10

View source
def clone #

Returns a tuple containing cloned elements of this tuple using the #clone method.


View source
def each(&block) : Nil #

Yields each of the elements in this tuple.

tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.each do |value|
  puts value
end

Output:

1
"hello"
'x'

View source
def first #

Returns the first element of this tuple. Doesn't compile if the tuple is empty.

tuple = {1, 2.5}
tuple.first # => 1

View source
def first? #

Returns the first element of this tuple, or nil if this is the empty tuple.

tuple = {1, 2.5}
tuple.first? # => 1

empty = Tuple.new
empty.first? # => nil

View source
def from(array : Array) #

Expects to be called on a tuple of types, creates a tuple from the given array, with types casted appropriately.

This allows you to easily pass an array as individual arguments to a method.

def speak_about(thing : String, n : Int64)
  "I see #{n} #{thing}s"
end

data = JSON.parse(%(["world", 2])).as_a
speak_about(*{String, Int64}.from(data)) # => "I see 2 worlds"

View source
def hash #

Returns a hash value based on this tuple's length and contents.

See also: Object#hash.


View source
def inspect #

Same as #to_s.


View source
def last #

Returns the last element of this tuple. Doesn't compile if the tuple is empty.

tuple = {1, 2.5}
tuple.last # => 2.5

View source
def last? #

Returns the last element of this tuple, or nil if this is the empty tuple.

tuple = {1, 2.5}
tuple.last? # => 2.5

empty = Tuple.new
empty.last? # => nil

View source
def map(&block) #

Returns a new tuple where elements are mapped by the given block.

tuple = {1, 2.5, "a"}
tuple.map &.to_s # => {"1", "2.5", "a"}

View source
def pretty_print(pp) : Nil #

View source
def reverse #

Returns a new tuple where the elements are in reverse order.

tuple = {1, 2.5, "a"}
tuple.reverse # => {"a", 2.5, 1}

View source
def reverse_each(&block) #

Yields each of the elements in this tuple in reverse order.

tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.reverse_each do |value|
  puts value
end

Output:

'x'
"hello"
1

View source
def size #

Returns the number of elements in this tuple.

{'a', 'b'}.size # => 2

View source
def to_json(json : JSON::Builder) #

View source
def to_s(io) #

Appends a string representation of this tuple to the given IO.

tuple = {1, "hello"}
tuple.to_s # => "{1, \"hello\"}"

View source
def to_yaml(yaml : YAML::Builder) #

View source
def types #

Returns the types of this tuple.

tuple = {1, "hello", 'x'}
tuple.types # => Tuple(Int32, String, Char)

View source
def unsafe_at(index : Int) #

View source